![]() ![]() What is the difference between a brain injury diagnosis and determining injury severity? Another is spasticity, which involves abnormal muscle tightness due to prolonged muscle contraction. ![]() One of these is called pseudobulbar affect (PBA), which involves involuntary and uncontrollable episodes of laughing and/or crying. This list encompasses the most common symptoms that a brain injury survivor may experience but there are other, more obscure effects that can occur. What are some common symptoms of a brain injury? After an impact or injury to the head, it’s important to get assessed by a medical professional. Symptoms can appear immediately or can develop over time depending on the injury and the person. Microscopic section from a 73 year old world champion boxer with severe dementia showing very severe tau protein deposition in the amygdala and thalamus.Getting a prompt and accurate brain injury diagnosis is important. Microscopic section from John Grimsley showing numerous tau positive neurofibrillary tangles and neurites in the amygdala. Microscopic section from 65 year old control subject showing no tau protein deposition. Whole brain section from John Grimsley showing abundant tau protein deposition in the amygdala and adjacent temporal cortex. Whole brain section from a 73 year old world champion boxer with severe dementia showing very severe tau protein deposition in the amygdala and thalamus. Tau immunostained sections of the medial temporal lobe from 3 individuals: Whole brain section from a 65 year old control subject showing no tau protein deposition. In both sets of photographs below, the brain tissue has been immunostained for tau protein, which appears as a dark brown color. The brain degeneration is associated with symptoms of individuals later diagnosed with CTE postmortem including memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, impulse control problems, aggression, depression, suicidality, parkinsonism, and eventually progressive dementia. These changes in the brain can begin months, years, or even decades after the last brain trauma or end of active athletic involvement. The pattern of tau seen in the brains of those with CTE is distinct from other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), progressive supra nuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). The repeated brain trauma triggers progressive degeneration of the brain tissue, including the build-up of an abnormal protein called tau in a unique pattern. ![]() In recent years, reports have been published of neuropathologically confirmed CTE found in other athletes, including football and hockey players (playing and retired), as well as in military veterans who have a history of repetitive brain trauma. CTE is not limited to current professional athletes it has also been found in athletes who did not play sports after high school or college. CTE has been known to affect boxers since the 1920’s (when it was initially termed punch drunk syndrome or dementia pugilistica). Non-concussive hits are routine in many sports, including checking in ice hockey and heading the ball in soccer. These may include symptomatic concussions as well as non-concussive hits that do not cause symptoms. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain found in people with a history of repetitive head impacts (RHI) often incurred during contact sport play, military service, employment as a first responder, and other activities that involve repeated blows to the head. ![]()
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